A Smaller Commercial Geography

A Geography of India, Physical, Political and Commercial

A philosophical Approach to the Allocation or Aggregation of Geography

Introduction Geography first started with simple writing. But today, this science has gained a lot of potentials and with its technical tools which has at hand, has new specialized trends and is training new experts and specialists. Hence, in the present age, especially in Iran, geography is referred to as (interdisciplinary science), because it both studies natural sciences and human sciences...

Local Knowledge in Development ( Geography ) Geography

The use of local knowledge in and for development is a relatively recent phenomenon, entering the realm of development theory and practice from the mid 1970s, yet it has become a key part of the rhetoric and practice of development agencies and academic research. The conceptual and historical background to local knowledge in development, including its roots of ‘Western’ engagement with ‘other’ ...

Geography and sustainable development

        To overcome these problems in 1978 the Brandtland report   announced the sustainable development as not to spend resources more than the nature’s production capacity and not to pollute the nature more than it can assimilate. In other words, the nature should remain in its sustainable state so that the future generations can live with no limitations. The principles of the sustainable dev...

Geography as a Causal Variable∗

Political scientists often use natural experiments to estimate causal effects. We explore how variation in geography can be exploited as a natural experiment and review the assumptions that must hold for geographic natural experiments to yield valid causal estimates. In particular, we focus on cases where a geographic or administrative boundary splits units into treated and control areas, and i...